Justice Matters

Professor Dominic Regan outlines the implications of the newly introduced batch of civil litigation reforms.  

Jackson was just the beginning. The arrival of fixed litigation costs in fast-track injury work, from 31 July 2013, represented another enormous shift and there is plenty more in the pipeline. How does the future look for civil practitioners? It is a common myth that the focus is upon injury. Not so. 

John Wilson QC examines a ground-breaking Supreme Court ruling on the separate identity of a corporate entity . 

Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd & Others  [2013] UKSC 34; [2013] All ER (D) 90 (Jun), is a landmark case which is of considerable interest to corporate and insolvency lawyers, as well as family lawyers. It will cited for years to come although, in another way perhaps, it merely burnishes the pedestal of the ground-breaking case of Salomon v A. Salomon & Co Ltd  [1897] AC 22. Salomon  established the broad inviolability of the separate identity of a corporate entity. This is something we now take for granted, but it was then a far more radical concept. A. Salomon & Co Ltd was not Mr Salomon, even though he was the only shareholder in the company. They stood side by side as separate legal personalities. Mr Salomon did not stand behind A. Salomon & Co Ltd in the eyes of the law. 

David Wurtzel and Professor Penny Cooper examine how to ensure the effective participation of vulnerable defendants in a trial  

On 12 October 2010, Jordan Dixon, along with two co-defendants, was convicted of murder following a trial at the Old Bailey. A year before, on Halloween, Dixon and the two others came across a young man and his girlfriend in a town centre. One of the other defendants took part of the woman’s Halloween costume, stamped on it, and then spat. When her partner remonstrated, he was punched to the ground where he was kicked in the head. He died shortly afterward. All three defendants landed a blow; medical evidence could not establish who had been responsible for the fatal one. The most compelling evidence at trial came from the CCTV images which were played repeatedly. The jury found all three guilty on a joint enterprise basis. When the matter came before the Court of Appeal in March 2013, Dixon’s appeal against conviction was upheld (R v Dixon [2013] EWCA Crim 465). The real legal interest in the decision though concerns the question of the effective participation in his trial of a vulnerable defendant and of the value of a Ground Rules Hearing. The authors attended the appeal. 

Paul Magrath provides an overview of current guidance for Litigants in Person  

Family Courts without a Lawyer: A Handbook for Litigants in Person, by Lucy Reed (Bath Publishing, 350pp, £29)
Small Claims Procedure in the County Court, by Patricia Pearl and Andrew Goodman (Wildy, Simmonds and Hill, 309pp, £19.99)
Representing Yourself In Court: Guide to Civil Law, by Francis Manyika (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 104pp, £28.68)
A Guide to Representing Yourself in Court, The Bar Council (72pp, free)
A Guide to Bringing and Defending a Small Claim, Civil Justice Council (30pp, free). 

Paul Epstein QC and Ed Williams explain witness familiarisation – the training, judicial attitudes, and how to stay within professional boundaries  

In the recent High Court battle of the oligarchs between the late Boris Berezovsky and Roman Abramovich the case turned on conversations several decades earlier. What the two men said and how they said it was central to Mrs Justice Gloster’s eventual judgment dismissing Mr Berezovsky’s £5bn claim. 

Dr Vicky Kemp examines PACE protections and access to legal advice  

For more than a quarter of a century the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (‘PACE’) and its Codes of Practice have provided legal protections for those arrested and detained by the police; including access to free and independent legal advice. How has it worked in practice? Why do so many refuse to take up the offer of free legal advice? 

As a Principal Researcher with the Legal Services Research Centre, which had been the independent research division of the Legal Services Commission, from 2008 to 2012 I had undertaken a number of studies into police station legal advice. The first study involved a survey of over 1,000 users in the criminal justice system, which was conducted in six cities during 2008. Further research was undertaken, including a small-scale study of eight police custody suites (one station was in the city where the survey was conducted and the others based in five different areas) and interviews with defence practitioners. In 2009 we carried out a statistical analysis of over 30,000 police custody records drawn from four police force areas. There followed in 2010 a qualitative study of the main police station in each of these four police force areas. In one of the police stations observed an initiative was set up to help improve access to legal advice. This involved duty solicitors based full-time in the police station and the initiative was subject to a three-month review in 2011 and then again in 2012. 

Penny Cooper reports on plans to revise the Victims’ Code and enhance entitlements for the vulnerable.   

In February 2013, Frances Andrade committed suicide a few days after giving evidence in the Crown Court. Within days of the verdict, Helen Grant MP, the Minister for Victims and the Courts, held a roundtable meeting at the House of Lords. Those present included representatives of the CPS, the Ministry of Justice and HMCTS as well as the Chairman of the Bar and the author representing the Advocacy Training Council’s Vulnerable Witness Committee. Discussions focused on support for complainants in sexual abuse cases and improvements to the Victims’ Code. The coalition had previously made a commitment to reviewing the code and work was already under way. The revised Victims’ Code (“the 2013 draft”) became available on 29 March (https://consult.justice.gov.uk/digital-communications/code-victims-crime) with consultation running until 10 May. 

Gay refugees seeking asylum in the UK are having to resort to drastic measures to “prove” their sexual identity, as S. Chelvan reports  

There are 78 countries in the world which criminalise any form of same-sex conduct in private by consensual adults (2012 ILGA state sponsored homophobia report). Of  these countries, 42 specifically single out lesbians; five (Mauritania, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Iran) provide the death penalty. The Islamic states of Nigeria and parts of Somalia also enforce the death penalty. In Uganda, the Anti-Homosexuality Bill renders criminal prosecution of even straight landlords for not reporting the fact that they have a gay tenant. It is not a safe world to be gay. 

Does the statutory regime governing the disclosure of convictions, cautions and warnings to prospective employers breach an offender’s right to privacy? Shereener Browne reports  

The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 saw an important principle enshrined in statute: that people who have committed certain offences some time ago should, generally speaking be allowed to keep those misdemeanours in their past. At the heart of this legislation was the recognition that an individual’s future should not be blighted by what may often have been an impulsive act made in the blush of youth. 

Specialist Mercantile Judge, HHJ Waksman QC, explains how hot-tubbing, by saving time and narrowing differences, has a role in reducing costs under the new regime   

What is hot-tubbing?
Hot-tubbing is the colloquial name given to the process of taking expert evidence concurrently at trial. So instead of the expert evidence being taken sequentially, the experts go into the witness box together. This allows the judge and/or the advocates to question them on a specific point at the same time – and usually the response from one will be followed immediately with a response from the other. Sometimes they will make follow-up comments or even question each other but all under the direction of the judge. The actual procedure to be adopted in any given case may vary and is a matter for the judge’s discretion. The process has been likened to a structured dialogue facilitated by the judge.