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Charlotte Bailye discusses the repatriation of victims of forced marriages from Pakistan to the UK. The combined efforts of the UK’s Forced Marriage Unit and the British High Commission in Islamabad are key to success, but the UK Government must do more to assist, she argues.
In 2008, heightened media sensitivity surrounding the practice of forced marriage helped result in the implementation of the Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007. The High Court and county courts now have powers to protect victims of forced marriage through Forced Marriage Protection Orders (“FMPOs”) and can make orders which extend to conduct outside the United Kingdom.
Consular staff at the British High Commission in Islamabad rescue at least two UK and UK-Pakistani nationals from a forced marriage every week. But how far do the legal tentacles stretch to ensure the immediate and successful repatriation of UK residents, UK-Pakistani nationals and UK nationals from Pakistan to the UK? In August 2010 I ventured to Pakistan as a researcher for the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan to investigate this phenomenon.
Investigating forced marriage
The Forced Marriage Unit (“FMU”) in London, established in 2005, is the only Government unit in the world dedicated to investigating forced marriage. It looks into over 400 cases annually. One half of the FMU’s workload is concerned with overseas repatriation and 65 per cent of the cases concern families of Pakistani origin. Nevertheless, it is thought that thousands of cases go unreported every year. Victoria Bhajam, Director of Dastak, a shelter in Lahore for women whose rights have been denied or threatened, explained that “the growth in forced marriages is due to parents’ genuine belief that forcing their children into marriage, often with other family members, will build stronger family connections and protect cultural and religious traditions”. It is common for parents and extended family members to deceive, threaten, abduct, assault, imprison, and even drug young women and men to ensure they enter into a forced marriage.
Consular protection
The involvement of the British High Commission in Islamabad with the FMUs caseload has been key to successful repatriation. However, consular protection does not extend to UK residents who are non-UK nationals; although in 2008 Mr Justice Coleridge accepted jurisdiction and issued a FMPO for Dr Humayra Abedin (the NHS doctor who was tricked into returning home to Pakistan and held against her will for four months), on the grounds of her habitual residence in the UK. Unfortunately Dr Abedin’s case seems to be atypical. Consular staff typically refer women who are UK residents but not citizens to local NGOs to gain help and support.
When information is received that a UK or UK-Pakistani national is at risk of a forced marriage and the victim is unable to reach the British High Commission of Islamabad, consular staff organise a rescue mission. They do this armed with a FMPO which a third party would have obtained in the UK on the victim’s behalf. This would include wardship if the victim is still a child. When making the order, the English judges invite the Pakistani authorities to co-operate to secure repatriation. The orders require the respondent to reveal the victim’s whereabouts and allow the victim to attend the British High Commission of Islamabad or local courts. Respondent parents – who imagine that they are beyond the reach of the UK authorities once they are in Pakistan – may find that they are in contempt of court when they return to this country.
Rescue missions are emotionally draining and can be physically dangerous, with some families possessing firearms. On arrival at the family home, consular staff highlight the legal importance of the FMPO, and speak with the victim privately. The victim is advised of his or her right to leave the family home and return to the UK, where safe shelter will be arranged for them by the FMU.
There are occasions where consular staff embark on a rescue mission and are met by disgruntled family members who claim the victim has left the family home. In reality, it is likely that the concerned victim has been abducted.
The last resort
As a last resort consular staff will file a habeas corpus petition in accordance with art 199(1)(b) of the Constitution of Pakistan in the High Court of Pakistan, a non-punitive approach, to secure the attendance of children or adults at court, so that the judge may ascertain their wishes and, if coercion is established, ensure the victims’ release and their return to the UK if they wish.
Although a FMPO is not enforceable in Pakistan, recognition that a FMPO was obtained in the UK is included within a habeas corpus petition. The practical effectiveness of a FMPO depends upon the weight attributed to it by a Pakistan court of law, leaving UK lawyers anxiously awaiting the outcome of each habeas corpus petition.
Consular staff filed ten habeas corpus petitions in 2009. With no rules and formalities to ensure victims are protected when giving evidence in open court, only one out of ten victims had the courage to state publicly that she wished to leave her family and return to the UK. Strict rules clearly need implementing in Pakistani courts to ensure victims are protected when giving evidence. A five day delay between filing the habeas corpus petition and the appearance in court, gives the family plenty of time to exert pressure upon the victim. I interviewed a victim of forced marriage, who described her fear on entering court to give evidence at habeas corpus proceedings, “I was forced to give evidence whilst directly facing 50 of my extended family members in open court, my brother stood to my right, my father to my left; I was terrified; I did not answer one question asked by the judge”. The ShirkatGah, a women’s rights organisation in Lahore, highlighted the gross abuse of judicial power, where some judges resorted to lecturing victims, stating in open court that their behaviour is against their religion and culture.
Time for a bilateral treaty between UK and Pakistan?
Hina Jilani, a human rights lawyer in Pakistan, has suggested there is a need for an international framework in the form of a bi-lateral treaty between the UK and Pakistan to ensure the mutual recognition of legal remedies and immediate repatriation of UK and UK-Pakistani nationals from Pakistan to the UK. Drafting a bi-lateral agreement presents two significant problems:
Consular staff at the British High Commission in Islamabad rescue at least two UK and UK-Pakistani nationals from a forced marriage every week. But how far do the legal tentacles stretch to ensure the immediate and successful repatriation of UK residents, UK-Pakistani nationals and UK nationals from Pakistan to the UK? In August 2010 I ventured to Pakistan as a researcher for the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan to investigate this phenomenon.
Investigating forced marriage
The Forced Marriage Unit (“FMU”) in London, established in 2005, is the only Government unit in the world dedicated to investigating forced marriage. It looks into over 400 cases annually. One half of the FMU’s workload is concerned with overseas repatriation and 65 per cent of the cases concern families of Pakistani origin. Nevertheless, it is thought that thousands of cases go unreported every year. Victoria Bhajam, Director of Dastak, a shelter in Lahore for women whose rights have been denied or threatened, explained that “the growth in forced marriages is due to parents’ genuine belief that forcing their children into marriage, often with other family members, will build stronger family connections and protect cultural and religious traditions”. It is common for parents and extended family members to deceive, threaten, abduct, assault, imprison, and even drug young women and men to ensure they enter into a forced marriage.
Consular protection
The involvement of the British High Commission in Islamabad with the FMUs caseload has been key to successful repatriation. However, consular protection does not extend to UK residents who are non-UK nationals; although in 2008 Mr Justice Coleridge accepted jurisdiction and issued a FMPO for Dr Humayra Abedin (the NHS doctor who was tricked into returning home to Pakistan and held against her will for four months), on the grounds of her habitual residence in the UK. Unfortunately Dr Abedin’s case seems to be atypical. Consular staff typically refer women who are UK residents but not citizens to local NGOs to gain help and support.
When information is received that a UK or UK-Pakistani national is at risk of a forced marriage and the victim is unable to reach the British High Commission of Islamabad, consular staff organise a rescue mission. They do this armed with a FMPO which a third party would have obtained in the UK on the victim’s behalf. This would include wardship if the victim is still a child. When making the order, the English judges invite the Pakistani authorities to co-operate to secure repatriation. The orders require the respondent to reveal the victim’s whereabouts and allow the victim to attend the British High Commission of Islamabad or local courts. Respondent parents – who imagine that they are beyond the reach of the UK authorities once they are in Pakistan – may find that they are in contempt of court when they return to this country.
Rescue missions are emotionally draining and can be physically dangerous, with some families possessing firearms. On arrival at the family home, consular staff highlight the legal importance of the FMPO, and speak with the victim privately. The victim is advised of his or her right to leave the family home and return to the UK, where safe shelter will be arranged for them by the FMU.
There are occasions where consular staff embark on a rescue mission and are met by disgruntled family members who claim the victim has left the family home. In reality, it is likely that the concerned victim has been abducted.
The last resort
As a last resort consular staff will file a habeas corpus petition in accordance with art 199(1)(b) of the Constitution of Pakistan in the High Court of Pakistan, a non-punitive approach, to secure the attendance of children or adults at court, so that the judge may ascertain their wishes and, if coercion is established, ensure the victims’ release and their return to the UK if they wish.
Although a FMPO is not enforceable in Pakistan, recognition that a FMPO was obtained in the UK is included within a habeas corpus petition. The practical effectiveness of a FMPO depends upon the weight attributed to it by a Pakistan court of law, leaving UK lawyers anxiously awaiting the outcome of each habeas corpus petition.
Consular staff filed ten habeas corpus petitions in 2009. With no rules and formalities to ensure victims are protected when giving evidence in open court, only one out of ten victims had the courage to state publicly that she wished to leave her family and return to the UK. Strict rules clearly need implementing in Pakistani courts to ensure victims are protected when giving evidence. A five day delay between filing the habeas corpus petition and the appearance in court, gives the family plenty of time to exert pressure upon the victim. I interviewed a victim of forced marriage, who described her fear on entering court to give evidence at habeas corpus proceedings, “I was forced to give evidence whilst directly facing 50 of my extended family members in open court, my brother stood to my right, my father to my left; I was terrified; I did not answer one question asked by the judge”. The ShirkatGah, a women’s rights organisation in Lahore, highlighted the gross abuse of judicial power, where some judges resorted to lecturing victims, stating in open court that their behaviour is against their religion and culture.
Time for a bilateral treaty between UK and Pakistan?
Hina Jilani, a human rights lawyer in Pakistan, has suggested there is a need for an international framework in the form of a bi-lateral treaty between the UK and Pakistan to ensure the mutual recognition of legal remedies and immediate repatriation of UK and UK-Pakistani nationals from Pakistan to the UK. Drafting a bi-lateral agreement presents two significant problems:
Charlotte Bailye discusses the repatriation of victims of forced marriages from Pakistan to the UK. The combined efforts of the UK’s Forced Marriage Unit and the British High Commission in Islamabad are key to success, but the UK Government must do more to assist, she argues.
In 2008, heightened media sensitivity surrounding the practice of forced marriage helped result in the implementation of the Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007. The High Court and county courts now have powers to protect victims of forced marriage through Forced Marriage Protection Orders (“FMPOs”) and can make orders which extend to conduct outside the United Kingdom.
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